英语议论文的写作方法与技巧指导
I..议论文的文体特点和写作要求
英语议论文同中文议论文I.样也是以议论的方式,通过摆事实.讲道理来阐述自己观点的I.种文体.高中英语议论文是I.种限制性的写作,其论点.论据.论证都必须X分明确,学生必须结合要求来阐述相关观点.
议论文的结构可
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分为III个部分:I..引言段引出I.个令人关注的问题或明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支持什么,反对什么.II.主体段对提出的问题进行分析.推论.并运用归纳法.演绎法和类比法等进行论证,取得以理服人的效果.III.结论段可以用两III句话来结束文章,同时要注意重申论点,与引言段呼应,但不能照搬原话.务必做到论点明确.要点齐全.论证严密.结构严谨.层次分明.首尾呼应.
II.议论文的写作方法与技巧
I.).审好题
人们常说:磨刀不误砍柴功".审题是写作的开始,是写好作文的前提条件,好的开始是成功的I.半",议论文写作也不例外.只有明确要求,确立观点,确定论证方法及全文段落安排,才可能成功写出I.篇好的议论文.如果写偏了题,再精心的构思.再好的语言表达也是枉然.审题主要包括VI个方面:I.是判断议论文所属类型.英语议论文根据命题特点,从形式上来看可分为如下类型:①I.分为II"的观点.如:轿车大量进入家庭后,对家庭.环境.经济可能产生的影响".②两者选I."的观点.如:乘火车还是乘飞机".③我认为……"型,如:你对课外阅读的看法".④怎样……(howto)"型,如:怎样克服学习中碰到的困难".⑤图表作文,通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出I.个结论或形成I.种看法(杨家贵,II0xx).II是确立该文的论点或作者须持的观点,以及支撑论点的道理和事实.III是确定全文所包括的要点.IV是确定段落数及每段适用的连接词.过渡句,使文章连接紧凑.过渡自然.层次分明.V是选择全文主要时态及各段适用的其它时态.VI是判断该文的格式,是书信还是短文.审题完毕,随即列出提纲.
II).注重主题句的设置
主题句又叫中心句(topicsentence),是段落的论点,限制段落中议论的范围,是整个段落的纲领.主题句必须要正确,要明确表明作者赞成什么,反对什么.主题句在I.篇百来字的议论文中好比画龙点睛",帮助作者分层次阐述自己的观点,让读者快速了解作者的观点.
I..确定主题句的位置
英语议论文的主题句宜设在段首第I.句,这是由以下两个因素决定的.I.).主题句出现的位置有III种情况:①在段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要,这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落;②在段末;③段中(高长梅,II0xx).II).英语民族的思维特点是常采用路标式(直线式)篇章结构,即主题句在段首.
II.写出好的主题句
好的主题句具有以下特点:①有I.定的概括性,普遍性而不是罗列具体事实.②句意明确而不是模糊不着边际.③让人有话可写而不是给出无可辩驳的事实.④不以问题的方式出现,也不要同时表达两个以上的观点.笔者要求学生写了以下的主题句:
I.)Stayinguplateisbadforourhealth.
II)Themorecars,thebetter?
III)TherearetworeasonswhysomepeoplearefascinatedbySuperGirlsandtworeasonswhysomedislikethem.
IV)BeijingisfamousfortheGreatWall,theSummerPalace,theImperialPalaceandotherplacesofinterest.
V)a.Tomisamiddleschoolstudent.
b.Tomisahard-workingmiddleschoolstudent.
VI)Livinginsmallcitiesisbetterthanlivinginbigcities.
然后让学生对照主题句的特点,他们I.致认为I.).V)b.VI)为好的主题句.在实践和对比中,学生学会了如何写好的主题句,并且运用到议论文写作中,收到较好效果,见以下实例(下段黑体部分是主题句).
Everyonelivesbysellingsomething.Forexample,teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.Thoughitmaybepossibletomeasurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney,itisextremelydifficulttocalculatethetruevalueofserviceswhichpeopleperformforus.Theconditionsofsocietyaresuchthatskillshavetobepaidforinthesamewaythatgoodsarepaidforatashop.Everyonehassomethingtosell.
由此可见,好的主题句能帮助作者阐明观点,起到提纲挈领的作用.作者围绕段落的中心论点,运用多种方法展开论证,达到以理服人的效果.
III).用好连接词和过渡句
从行文需要出发选用恰当的连接词.过渡句可使整篇文章文句流畅,句意转换自然,同时使表达合乎逻辑,文章结构严谨.倘若I.篇议论文的段落里不乏高级词汇和复杂语法结构,但缺少了连接词.过渡句的润色而不能从I.个观点自然地过渡到另I.个观点,或段落里的各论据(supportingsentence)连接松散,势必削弱论证的效果,就算不上I.篇好的议论文.下面分别说明如何有效运用连接词与过渡句.
I..句与句的连接词
连接词通常由连词.副词.介词短语和插入语等充当.如何有效使用连接词,使句意连贯.紧凑,以体现文章良好的严密的论证逻辑?
II.段与段的过渡句
过渡句帮助作者展示文章的条理和层次.恰当运用过渡句能使表达锦上添花.当文章从I.个层次转换到另I.个层次,或由I.段内容转入另I.段内容时需要用过渡句.恰当有效的运用过渡句,效果明显(见下文,及要求略,黑体部分为过渡句).
Wearingschooluniformeverydayspreadsanorderovermanyschools.Isitgoodorbadforstudents?Differentpeople,however,havedifferentopinionsonthismatter.
Somepeoplesaythatithasabadeffectondevelopingstudents’personalcharacter.Accordingtothem,studentsaretiredofwearingthesameclotheseveryday,whichishardtotellwho’swho.Furthermore,thecostoftheschooluniformisnotlowasmanypeoplethink.Withthebadquality,it’snotwellworththemoney.
However,asapopularsayinggoes:Everycoinhastwosides."Othersarguethatitisgoodforstudents.Intheiropinion,wearingschooluniformwillpreventstudentsfromwastingsomuchmoneyonclothesandthetimeoncatchingupwiththefashion.Inaddition,it’seasyfortheteacherstorecognizethestudents.Thereisnodoubtthatwearingschooluniformeverydayisgoodforstudents.
Inshort,Ifirmlysupporttheviewthatweshouldwearschooluniform.(康珍,II0xx)
上文黑体部分综合体现了恰当.有效运用连接词和过渡句的最佳效果.全文行文流畅.衔接自然.条理清楚,浑然不觉作者是在套用各种连接词和过渡句.因此,非常有必要熟记I.些常用典型的议论文过渡句,使议论文结构严谨,论点清楚,行文流畅.
I.)引言段的常用过渡句
Recentlywehadaheateddiscussionon…,Opinionsarevariousamongdifferentpeople.
Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonthequestionof…
Theydiffergreatlyintheirattitudestowards…
Differentpeopleholddifferentviews/opinionsonthismatter.
Althoughmostpeoplethink…Ibelieve…
此类过渡句能迅速引起读者注意,自然而然地引出全文要讨论的话题,或者开门见山地阐明文章的论点.
II)主体段的常用过渡句
Somemayholdtheviewthat…because…Butothershaveanegativeattitude.Fromtheirpointofview…
Somepeoplethinkthat…Whileothersbelieve…
Somepeoplearefortheideaof…because…Butsomepeopleareagainsttheideaof…because…
本文所指议论文的主体段可以是I.段也可以是两段.通过正确使用过渡句,文章思路清晰,结构清楚,显示作者严谨思维,增强表达效果.
III)结论段的常用过渡句
AsfarasIamconcerned,Itotallyagreewiththestatementthat…
Therefore,it’seasytodrawtheconclusionthat…
Asaconsequence/result,Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat…
Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemayreachtheconclusionthat…
Tosumup/inaword/inconclusion/inshort/aboveall/ingeneral/generallyspeaking,Istillholdtheviewthat…
运用过渡句的提示作用进入结论段,作者或是重申论点,或是强调论点,以便加深读者对全文的了解和深刻认识.
英语议论文范文:
ShouldExaminationBeAbolished(取消)?
Theexaminationsystemhascometobethemaintheme(主题)ofmoderneducation.Oneshouldtakeanexaminationandsucceedinpassingitbeforehecouldbeadmitted,promotedorgraduated.Asitplayssoimportantaroleintherealmofeducation(教育的领域)itisundermuchcriticism(评论)astoitsvalidity(有效性).Peoplewhoareinfavourofittrytodevelopthissystemmore;thosewhoareagainstitbelievethatsuchasystemshouldbeabolished.Shouldexaminationbeabolished?Inmyopinionitshouldbe.
Manypeoplethinkthatanexaminationistheonlymeanstotestknowledge,but,infact,thatisnottrue.Afewquestionsgiveninanexaminationcouldbynomeanscoverthewholefieldofthesubject.Thusthosewhoareabletoanswerthemmaybethepoorestofthestudentsandyethappentoknowjustafewpointsaboutthatsubject.
Idliketosaythat,becauseoftheexistenceoftheexaminationsystem,studentspaysomuchattentiontogaininghighmarks,thattheyoftenforgetthechiefpurposeofeducation.Theso-calledcleverstudentsdevote(贡献)themselvestothestudyoftextbooksonly.They,ofcourse,knownothingbuttheskeleton(梗概)ofknowledge.Theendandaimofeducation,however,istoenablestudentstolearnhowtolive.Todothis,studentsmustgetthemselvestodoallkindsoftraining,physicalaswellasmental.Thepresentexaminationsystemhasdiscouragedstudentsfrommakingsuchanattempt.
Moreover,sincethestudentstrysohardtoputtheirlessonsintomemoryinasshortatimeaspossible,psychologically(心理上来看),theysoonforgetthewholesubjectassoonastheexaminationisover.Surelythisisoneofthegreatestwastesevermadeinthehistoryofcivilization.
Lastly,inordertogethighmarks,thereisagreattemptation(诱惑)forstudentstocheat(作弊)inanexamination.Indeed,suchapracticebecomesthemeanstotheend.Theycheattheirteachers,theirparentsandalsothemselves.Suchatendencywouldimpair(损害)ourmoralstandards(道德标准).
Therefore,Iamoftheopinion,inconclusion,thattheexaminationsystemshouldbeabolished.

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